What Is A Brain Computer Interface - 2728 Words

BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE Tejaswi Palacharla University of Houston ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION What is a Brain Computer Interface? Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a communication channel between a brain and the computer. The BCI system transforms specific ‘thoughts’, into control signals. These are then converted to a computer readable form where the output is shown on the computer. This computer follows the instructions or thoughts given by the brain when a patient mentally visualizes the cursor reaching the target. The electrode is implanted in the human brain and the brain activity is interpreted by computer software. Then the computer software displays the activity on the monitored screen. This technology is mostly used for people with disabilities. The reason why a BCI works is all because of the way our brain functions. Our brain is filled with neurons. The neurons are at work when we move, think, feel or remember something. The work is completed by small electrical signals that zip from neuron to neuron as fast as 250mph. Now scientists can detect the signals, interpret them and make them to direct a device. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used in measuring the electrical activity of the brain. A few examples of Brain Computer Interface for the disabled people are †¢ â€Å"Bionic device is used for the people to restore a sense of vision to people with retinitis pigmentosa and age related macular degeneration.†( Bionic eye Australia,Show MoreRelatedCommunication Technology Research Project : How It Works, And Its Application919 Words   |  4 Pagescouldn’t believe all the different ways it could be used for all different types of people and the lengths it could reach. The technology that I decided to write my paper on is called Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). I will discuss what exactly BCI is, how it works, and its application in today’s world. Brain-computer interface is a technology that has been around for a while, however the technology has really taken off in recent years. The thing that makes this technology so dynamic is the fact that itRead MoreNeural Technology : Brain Computer Interface934 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology is a field of engineering that specializes in taking information that is present in the brain and translating it to a medium that can be understood by a wide range of people. One of the ways this is done is with systems that take information directly from the brain and enable control over a computerized system. These are referred to as brain computer interfaces, also known as BCIs. Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology decodes neural signals in real time to control external devices (Rouse)Read MoreBrain-Computer Interfaces1221 Words   |  5 Pageschange with this new technology called, brain-computer interfaces. This amazing technology will not only revamp military applications, but most importantly help the medical community substantially. It brings the possibility of sound to the deaf, sight to the blind and movement to the physically challenged. However, with all great ideas there is a downside, there are many technical and ethical issues that people are not willing to risk. A brain-computer interface, also known as a BCI, is technologyRead MoreA Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Car for Disabled Using Artificial Intelligence1667 Words   |  7 PagesA Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Read MoreFrom Toys to Practicality: Brain Computer Interface Technology900 Words   |  4 PagesFrom Toys to Practicality: Brain Computer Interface Technology The idea of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology is the subject of high interest for many people and families of the person experiencing considerable physical impairments, such as those with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). This knowledge is recognized by several monitors, such as BCI, Brain-Machine Interface (BMI), neuro-brain transmission and Direct Brain Interface (DBI). Conventional computer input and assistive technologyRead MoreThe Lateral Sclerosis ( Als ) Is A Neurodegenerative Disease That Causes Loss Of Motor Neurons And Progressive Weakness1476 Words   |  6 Pageshowever there are a few drugs which have been able to slow the progression of the disease in some patients. As a result affected individuals become â€Å"locked in† and unable to communicate. These patients can benefit greatly from the use of a brain computer interface (BCI)(Birbaumer, 2006; Coyle, Ward, Markham, McDarby, 2004). BCI can help individuals communicate without relying on muscular control, which is critical for clinical populations of neuromuscular disease patients, such ALS (Wolpaw, 2002)Read MoreThe First Task Of Either A Writer Or A Critical Book Reviewer1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe first task of either a writer or a critical book reviewer is to imagine the audience for whom the work is intended. For us at Interface, that is those interested in the impact of the Internet. Some works, however, like the one under review, defy easy classification, perhaps because they fail to target an appropriate audience or to speak consistently to it. This might be a sign of a weak book, not actually suitable for anybody; too much of its content may miss the mark. Both a reader’s time andRead MoreDevelopment Of Brain Interfacing Devices1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of brain interfacing devices. Brain interfacing has been used with computers, animals, and other human beings. Harvard and researchers Pais-Vieira and Miguel were both successful in creating a brain interfacing device that could control the movements of lab rates. Scientist have managed to create devices that can manipulate the thoughts and movements of other human beings. Brain interfacing is when scientist use computers to communicate and manipulate other living things. One common brain interfacingRead MoreNeural Prosthetics And Its Effects1741 Words   |  7 Pagesolder we begin to lose a plethora of our abilities; through old age, an injury, or whatever the case may be, we all slowly deteriorate. With modern science we are now able to regain some of what we had lost or have never hard, through neural prosthetics. In this essay, I will be dissecting and explaining what exactly neural prosthetics are while delving into its past, its current present applications while making comparisons to other similar technologies, and its future and potential uses. WithRead MoreCMOS Essay / 1998 Words   |  4 Pageswhich is on the computers motherboard and it stores the BIOS settings. Also some of the BIOS settings include the systems time and date as well as hardware settings. Back Panel Port Used for/ Description Image PS/2 The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN connector that is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to the computer system. USB A USB (universal serial bus) is a mini storage device that is portable and you can store your data on it and use it when it is connected to a computer/laptop. Ethernet

The Nature Of Science, Agriculture Practices, Fracking And...

Human beings are very fortunate to be living on Earth. Even though humans get everything we need from these precious lands, we always feel that we have to modify it. Reshaping our world to make it more suitable for individuals is not the way to go. Humans have the desire for scientific process, and are driven to make the world a better place; though in reality, the outcomes of our environment and our selves say otherwise. Our ways of science, agriculture practices, fracking and irrigation practices, ways of mining, inventions of plastics, and even our advancement in technology is leading us to the consequences of not only hurting our species, but our environment as a whole. People believe that mankind will learn to utilize Earth’s†¦show more content†¦It is a living thing, a celebration of human fallibility† (Thomas 304). Our discovery of science has changed over the years. At first it was seen as a systematic study of nature, but it has now come to a poin t where our source of inspiration has become abused, and it s taking a toll on our home. Scientific advancement plays a major role to the reason why our world has become greedy and wealthy. For example: fossil fuels, pollution, greenhouse gasses, advance weaponry (nuclear), and even modern technology is destroying the environment we live in. None of the examples were apparent in nature, until man mistreated the original uses of science. This proves that science is politics, and it is shaped by ideological plan by the user (science is a technique). We must prevent the misuses of science, because it is too late to stop progressing and go back to living in nature. Our misuse of science lead to the technique of hydraulic mining, which was used for the quest of gold in Sacramento, where these companies used enormous water cannons, called â€Å"monitors†, to annihilate large hills and small mountains. Once gold is removed, left over detritus found their way to the streams, w hich then flows into the larger waterways to the Sacramento River, that supplied a portion of the water. This resulted in the Sacrament River carrying too much silt, which was hazardous for the people to consume. This later caused floods in Sacramento to occur, which the

Poetry and Piano Essay Example For Students

Poetry and Piano Essay SOUND and written word; two abstract concepts, but hidden are many underlying similarities. Like the hybrid pluot mix of a plum and apricot, taking two different fruits and finding a delightful product by intertwining them. To appreciate the similarities, we must first consider the differences. The piano is a musical instrument that unlike poetry, is tangible. You can touch and feel the cool keys as your hands glide over them as well as feel the resisting pressure as you press the peddle under your foot. Poetry on the other hand, while capable of being seen, you cannot touch the words themselves. Who of you can say what the word that feels like? The piano is also a harmonious instrument that is often accompanied by another instrument or even several different types. A whole orchestra can play, but if you listen closely the piano is still distinguishable. On the other hand, try having two people read two different poems at the same time. The task in itself is easy to do, but what you hear is not a harmonious melody, but a jumble of words that produce a confusing effect on the listener. Poetry and pianos are similar though, in that they contain a rhythm. Although, a poet wont sing his poem, an affluent reader can make his words vivid and smoothly transition between lines and stanzas, creating a music-like effect. In reading a poem it is important to capture the pace, intensity, and meaning of what the poet is trying to convey. Piano songs also contain a structured rhythm indicated after the clef on the music sheet from which you play. Often, youll even find yourself subconsciously tapping your foot to the rhythm of the song. The rhythm is the backbone to a song or poem and directs the flow and attitude. And obvious similarity, is that it takes somebody to write a poem or play the piano. A fact often unnoticed and unappreciated is that every song or poem created came from some persons imagination. It takes a persons hand to write down a word or strike a key and this combined with my previous statement on imagination leads to my next similarity. Having so many words and musical notes to pick from, the outcome of each persons creativity results in something completely different from the next person. One person motivated by sadness my create a more slow, somber, and melancholy piece. A person overwhelmed by happiness may create a faster, upbeat song or poem. It all depends on time, emotion and vastness of vocabulary in the case of a piano creativity with different keys and chords. The product of each persons imagination is almost endless. Both poems and songs are just scribbles on paper unless you have someone to bring them to life. They are similar in the respect that both poetry and sheet music can be read. The only difference is how it is read. While poems can be read in  their written form, just as it is, reading sheet music takes a little more effort and wouldnt sound that great if you read it for what it was. Reading off your sheet you might get: G chord, C chord, D, E, C and who would honestly enjoy that? No, the pianist must in effect read the music with his fingers after interpreting from the page which keys to play. Some have even combined piano and poetry together to form poetic songs. An example of this is French composer Maurice Ravels Gaspard de la Nuit. Ravel composed three pieces for piano in 1908, basing them on poems by Aloysius Bertrand. All three of which are beautiful and showcased his talent and mastery in the piano. Also translated into English by Michael Benedikt. Maurices piano compositions show that poems can be rendered, modified, or transformed into music that is pleasing to the ears. Below is an excerpt from one of his three songs, entitled Ondine: .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 , .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .postImageUrl , .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 , .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:hover , .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:visited , .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:active { border:0!important; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:active , .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175 .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf0d2a0b0c111591213d851d4e23b8175:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Persuasive EssayListen!Listen!its me down here, Ondine, splashing all these droplets against your casement windowpanes so that they echo, here in the dim, regretful moonlight; and up there, high above us in her black silk dress, is the chateaus lady upon her balcony, gazing out at this beautiful starry night and at my lovely, sleeping lake. We have just begun scratching the surface of the many marvels of poetry and the piano. All the more so, I hope my brief analysis of the differences and similarities of poetry and the piano has helped you appreciate a new aspect or unravel some sort of unfound revelation. Perhaps take a second glance at the seemingly boring, everyday things.

Family background influences how a person perceives the world free essay sample

A person’s view upon the world always changes in the process of growing up; he or she is not just getting around with family members but also the society, strangers and friends. However, family background does play a crucial and vital role in influencing a person perceives the world. Personally, a person means the child in a family; he or she is in the process of a child turning to be an adult. While, family background means education level, financial status, growing up environment, and the social skills possessed and practiced by the child’s parents, siblings and relatives. Therefore, as time goes by, these will influence a person mentally and physically perceive their surrounding and environment. Family is the first sources of information one receives. When one is still a child, parents are the one he or she takes as role model. Children tend to observe, imitate and follow the activities carried out by their parents and siblings. We will write a custom essay sample on Family background influences how a person perceives the world or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The family members’ feelings and point of view come into play as a model for the child. In the growing up stage, children always listen to their family members. For instance, parents are the one who teach and share with the child what they have learned and their perspectives towards issues, problems that occur. They are the one whom show the â€Å"proper manner† in handling and facing the challenges in life. The child takes the advice as his or her primary source for solution. In addition, family background plays an important role in inculcating a child in blending himself or herself in the society. The environment created shapes a person’s point of view about his or her surroundings. For example that one learns about sharing at home would be able to share when he or she is in the world. One learn to communicate in a proper manner, the child will know about manner and respect others. When one learnt about abuse at home, one grows up to be juvenile delinquents and murders, as well as the batterers of the next generation (Eli, Carolyn and Robert, 1983). It is crucial that one person is introduced and lived in a peaceful and tolerance environment as it influences one’s point of view towards their surroundings. Moreover, based on John Ermisch and Marco Francesconi (2000), parents’ educational attainments are found to be strongly associated with their children’s education attainments. When the family background is from an educated family, their children will be introduced to the importance of education in their future carrier and life. Most of the educated parents are able to coach, teach and guide the child in the subjects learned. Parents will also able to help in creating the child’s carrier path. Parents will be able to determine the path of carrier and needed criteria in study to achieve better. With the guidance from the family, he or she will have a smoother path in life as their basic is planned and designed. In Juliana ad Breno (2007), family background is one of the key determinants of children’s performance. Apart from it, family financial status also influences a person ways in perceiving the world. Based on Russell (2006), children from privileged backgrounds complete more schooling and earn higher wages than children from disadvantaged backgrounds. This can be clearly seen that children from better financial background, most of them are able to complete and having the chances to further studies. With higher education level, this group of children is capable to compete in the world. On top of that, with better financial status, a person has a fall back in whatever he or she likes to invest in and work on. Furthermore, family financial status also determines the social status one family is a society. The higher the financial status, it also means the higher level of social status. For instance, as prologue in Romeo and Juliet says â€Å"Two households, both alike in dignity†, this indicates the pressure put on the child to socialize in the status do exist for a long time. Children are sort of been through the process of ‘brain wash’ when they are looking for peers, friends and even partners, they will be advice to join in the same social class. The mentally of the person will change due to the perspectives and opinion from their family members. A person’s mind set will be influenced as critics and gossips run around the corner when he or she is in the society. This will develop a person in obtaining and maintaining a certain social status in the society. In conclusion, family background influences a person ways in perceiving the world mentally and physically. A person’s development is directly affected by the family surroundings. A person growing up stage is molded, shaped and formed due to the environment exposed to them. A person tends to trail and track, even wanting to be better in the world and prove that he or she is getting better than their current environment. Thus, it is proven that family background does help to influence how a person perceives the world.

The Best Way to Use the Real ACT Prep Guide

The Best Way to Use the Real ACT Prep Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Want to prep for the ACT on you own? Chances are you’ve ordered a prep book to help you study. One of the most popular prep books around is The Real ACT Prep Guide. But how can you make sure you get your money’s worth out of the book – and make sure you actually study well enough to improve your ACT composite? Read our guide to using The Real ACT Prep Guide to find out. What’s in The Real ACT Prep Guide? The Prep Guide has two main components: an overview of each section of the ACT (English, Math, Reading, Science, and optional essay) and 5 full-length practice tests. The book is made by the ACT, so the practice tests are the best-quality ones you can get, which is why the book is so popular (at the time of writing, it’s the #1 best-selling ACT Test Guide on Amazon.com). This book can be an excellent resource if you’re trying to improve your ACT score. However, there are ways to use it effectively and less effectively – we’ll show you how. How to Use the Content Overview Section The Real ACT Prep Guide contains a brief overview of each section on the ACT and the content you need to know for each. However, it doesn’t teach you the content. For example, it will say you need to know basic trigonometric identities for the math section and give an example problem, but it won’t explain what those identities are. So if there is a concept you don’t know, The Real ACT Prep Guide won’t help you learn it. Still, we advise you read through the content review so you know what you are being tested on. If you come across content areas you’re fuzzy on – whether that’s plane geometry or grammar rules – you’ll need to find a more specific prep book or source to help you actually learn it. Make a list of content areas (if any) that you’re shaky on as your read through the content review, and seek out other resources (like more specific prep books and websites) to learn them before embarking on the practice tests. You also might check out our free detailed guides on ACT English, ACT Math, ACT Reading, ACT Science, and ACT Writing. How to Use the 5 ACT Practice Tests These five practice tests are the main reason people go for The Real ACT Prep Guide. Since the tests are written by the test-makers themselves, they give you some of the best quality practice for the ACT you can get. However, if you go through the tests without a strategy, or without adequately checking your answers, you’ll waste them. Taking the tests alone will not help you get a higher ACT score. Point improvements can only come if you identify your weaknesses and drill them until they’re gone. By "perfect practice," we don't mean you should already be getting perfect scores on your practice tests. We mean treating the practice tests like real ones, and then taking adequate time to correct them and understand your mistakes. With that in mind, here’s how to make the most of the practice tests. Timing If you tend to run out of time on ACT sections, you can experiment with giving yourself time and a half, time and a quarter, and then strict timing on the practice tests, to build up your speed. (If you ever run out of time on a section, by the way, still answer the rest of the questions after you’re done with the test to maximize your knowledge-building.) In any case, be careful to time yourself strictly for each practice test, even if you’re starting with time-and-a-half. You’ll be the most prepared for the ACT if you’re able to deal with both the pacing and content. Wear a watch when you practice so you can get use to monitoring your time per question. You won’t be able to bring your phone with you to the test, so get used to using a more old-fashioned timer. Read more about ACT timing for more tips on timing (including the approximate time you have for each question). Stamina If you’re worried about getting through the whole test with enough energy and focus, make sure to take at least some of the practice tests in full blocks, as if you were taking the real ACT, with strict timing throughout. This will help you build your stamina so that on test day, you will have just as much energy on the Science section (which comes last) as you do on the English section (which comes first). If you have no problem with getting through long tests, and you have one particular section giving you trouble, you could focus on just that section and drill it. For example, say that you consistently score 32 and higher when you practice English, Reading, and Science, but are struggling to break 28 on the Math section. You may want to do more practice Math sections to make up for the discrepancy. However, keep in mind any time you take a section by itself, you won’t be able to use that practice test for a complete run-through. Don’t break up all five of the practice tests into their sections. Keep at least two for full run-throughs. Checking Answers When checking the answers on your practice tests, don’t just correct your multiple-choice sheet, tally a score, and wait to see improvement. Rushing through the tests won’t help you get any better. If you correct your practice tests like a Scantron, and only tally up right and wrong answers without further analysis, you're wasting your time. First of all, as you move through the test, mark any questions you are unsure about. This way, even if you get them right, you can examine why they were right and what prevented you from being sure. Next, look at what you got wrong. Figure out the skill, concept, or line of reasoning you didn’t have that prevented you from getting it right. For example, did you miss that reading question because you didn’t know the meaning of a word, or because you misunderstood the context of the passage? Also refer to the answer explanations the Real ACT Guide provides, but keep in mind that can be a bit shallow (â€Å"A is wrong because it is. B is right because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Finally, log your mistakes in a notebook. This way you can begin to notice any patterns or consistent gaps in your knowledge. For example, when correcting the math section and logging your mistakes, you might find you missed three questions because you weren’t able to figure out plane geometry and seven questions because you made silly arithmetic errors (like forgetting a negative sign). By logging your mistakes and their causes, you will have a ready-made study guide to use in between practice tests. You can go right to the heart of your weaknesses and drill them. What To Do In Between Tests Don’t just jump from practice test to practice test without studying in between. That would be like a marathon runner jogging 26 miles every day instead of training in intervals – they would horribly injure themselves and not improve at all. While you likely won’t injure yourself from taking five ACT practice tests in a row (though your hand may cramp up pretty badly), you will lose the opportunity to learn from your mistakes and improve. Using your notebook of mistakes, go back to your other resources – the Real ACT content guide chapters, other prep books, the internet – to learn content you still don’t know and practice specific problems. This is also the time to develop and try new strategies. For example, say you keep running out of time on Science because you read the passages first then go to the questions. You might test out starting with the questions and seeing if that improves your time while maintaining accuracy while working through smaller blocks of practice problems. Only once you’re feeling confident about your progress should you attempt the next practice test. The Study Regimen You Should Follow By following the principles above, you can make the most out of the practice tests in The Real ACT Prep Guide. But you may be asking how often you should take practice tests, and what your study schedule should be like. We suggest, before you start studying, you take a full-length practice test. From your performance, figure out your weaknesses in each section. Find resources to improve your weaknesses, and also read through The Real ACT Prep Guide's content review. Depending on when your ACT test date is, take another practice test after two or three weeks of studying. This way you can give yourself adequate time to study and improve. Carefully analyze the results of your second practice test to see where you still need work. You can repeat this process as many times as you need. As you get closer to the test and you correct more of your weaknesses, you can shorten your time between practice tests. Keep studying until you feel confident you will hit your target score on test day. What Happens If I Run Out of Practice Tests? Unlike the SAT’s Official Guide, which has 10 (!) practice tests, ACT only gives you five in The Real ACT Prep Guide. For many students, this is more than enough. But it’s likely, especially if you’re a high-achieving student, you may run out of practice tests before you feel ready for the ACT – especially if you’re going for a 33 or higher. In that case, check out our links to free ACT practice tests online. These don’t come with answer explanations, so save them for after you’ve done the five Real ACT ones so you’ll be more skillful at identifying your mistakes anyway. What’s Next? What other principles should you be keeping in mind as you study for the ACT? Check out our guide to a perfect 36 by our resident full-scorer. Even if you’re not going for a 36, these study principles show you how to make the most of your time studying for the ACT, including the best way to analyze your mistakes. Want more background on the ACT? Get a guide to ACT timing, as well as what’s on each section (English, Math, Reading, Science). Wondering why you keep running out of time on your practice tests? Get in-depth guides for finishing the Math and Reading sections on time. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Outline a framework for assessing the effectiveness of aid in Essay

Outline a framework for assessing the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development in developing countries. Critically - Essay Example Thus, the difference between government enacted foreign aid programs and private, charitable, or volunteer groups donating money and services to development causes can be distinguished as two categories of international development aid: public policy and private charity. What is classified as â€Å"foreign aid† for example under public policy and is â€Å"given† to foreign States as part of a nation like Britain or America’s foreign policy might include military and economic aid together in a package that is intended to strengthen State structures of authority rather than indigenous community economic development. Private groups that seek to implement assistance programs independently of foreign States may have different obstacles and program criteria than the government aid assistance programs. Therefore, it is important to understand the difference between public and private development initiatives, and to analyze each on its own unique set of standards and req uirements relating to the way the issues are framed and the policies set into practice. Government aid programs to developing countries may be undertaken unilaterally, as many of the developed economic States such as Britain, the U.S., Japan, France, Finland, China, Denmark and other countries enact as part of their foreign policy. At the same time, these same countries may also engage in official assistance to international aid programs as part of the UN, EU, OAS, or NATO. This foreign aid is intended as economic assistance but donated in relation to the political goals of the nations involved. Historically, this would be considered the aid most easily lost to corruption, most likely to land in the Swiss bank accounts of despots, to be wasted, funneled into military and police repression tectics, and generally used to encourage a greater system of inequality in the foreign country by exacerbating the division of wealth in the society, or the inequality of capital distribution among its citizens. This type of foreign aid may lead to crony capitalism, dictatorships, banana republics, or proxy States that exist in opposition to their populations and actually deter economic and social development through the production of a corrupt and unequal society. These patterns typified foreign assistance aid to Africa in the 1970’s, Central and South America in the 1980’s, and Pakistan, Egypt, and other countries considered vital in the war on terror in the current paradigm. The characteristic of this type of aid is that it goes to a corrupt or undemocratic and non-transparent proxy State of the superpowers and the resources are used exclusively by the corrupt or crony class of insiders related to the local national party structure. This type of foreign development aid is generally the least effective and the least likely to actually â€Å"trickle down† to the communities represented by three billion of the world’s poorest, families who live on less than $1 per day, often lacking any type of clean water, sanitation, education, or electrical facilities. Yet, the government policy driven types of foreign development assistance may also take the form of â€Å"Peace Corps†

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman Essay

Of Emilie Carles' book is The Transformation of a Countrywoman - Essay Example This paper makes an attempt to show the challenges that Emilie Carles was confronted with as a teacher and a woman. Her contributions are also discussed. Emilie Carles Emilie Carles was born at a time when women were considered lesser human beings. Her life was full of challenges. When she was six, she fell off a two storey building, but fortunately survived (Carles and Robert 5). The village where she lived led a harsh life. When she was just four years, her mother passed on while working in a farm after being struck by lightning (Carles and Robert 7). Her siblings also passed on. It was fortunate that death spared her. Furthermore, when she started attending school, fate seemingly sided with her temporarily and she was sponsored to continue her studies to high school. She wanted to become a teacher and later she became one. Emilie Carles was an extraordinary teacher and woman. Despite going through a troubled childhood, she was able to pick the lessons that needed to be passed on t o the next generation. Her wish to be a teacher was more because of her strong desire to teach kids to question what they were told. She believed that children were very vulnerable and needed to be told the truth because what they were told was what would shape their lives. ... She believed that the real change in the society could be realized if teachers helped the youngsters to shatter the barriers they were locked in. The people were made to believe that participation in wars was a show of patriotism when in the real sense it was only the political leaders and career soldiers who benefited while the common people heavily suffered. After being married, she lost her child to a military truck. Her pain was intense, nevertheless she even became more formidable to stand up for what was right. During World War II, her husband was on top of the list for potential hostages for German soldiers. Despite all these, she was committed to telling the truth to the youngsters in schools. Her spirit to fight against the abuses of the government on its people continued even after her retirement from teaching. She went on to fight for her community and encouraged her people to fight for their rights. At one time, she led fellow citizens to stop a freeway being constructed through the valley (her village). This freeway was not going to benefit the local community in any manner but rather destroy it (Carles and Robert 250). The contributions that Emilie Carles made to her community are immeasurable. She was a watchdog for her community all her life. She knew her people were ignorant and that the politicians took advantage of this societal ignorance. She was disgusted by the fact that politicians could repeat the same words since 1789 and the people never seemed to note the monotony (Carles and Robert 252). Definitely, she is an example of a strong willed person who went against all odds to stand up for what was right. Her strong determination saw her overcome pain and the many challenges she faced. It is worth noting that the challenges were strong given